This article would help understand the VectorOps in Vertica and future roadmap.
Environment
Vertica version 25.4.x
Situation
Currently Vector functions supports:
COSINE_SIMILARITY
DOT_PRODUCT
VECTOR_L2
VECTOR_MAGNITUDE
ARRAY inputs of types INT, FLOAT, or NUMERIC. The results of these calculations are returned as measurements in FLOAT.
The calculations are based on standard vector calculations.
https://docs.vertica.com/25.4.x/en/sql-reference/functions/vector-functions/
But currently, it does not support indexing.